This lifeform is found in the region from northern India towards Malaysia.

Atrophaneura aidoneus is found from northwest India east to southwest China.  Many examples of this species were exported from Thailand during the early 2000s. The dorsal side of the male is solid black with only a faint gray pattern in the forewings. The dorsal side of the female is a solid brown color with only a slight lighter color pattern in the forewings.

Eurasia Aristolochia groups contains the Atrophaneura, Byasa, and Pachliopta genera. All of these forms are characterized by a red (or pink) pattern.

Following is list of the species in this group (an * indicates that this species is pictured):

   SPECIES                      LOCATION

   Atrophaneura aidoneus*       India and Burma and Siam
   Atrophaneura coon*           Sumatra and west Java
   Atrophaneura dixoni*         Sulawesi (Indonesia)
   Atrophaneura hageni          Sumatra (high plateau)
   Atrophaneura horishanus*     Taiwan (=Formosa)
   Atrophaneura kuehni*         Sulawesi (Indonesia)
   Atrophaneura luchti          Mountains in east Java
   Atrophaneura neptunus*       Burma, Thailand, Malay & Palawan
   Atrophaneura nox*            Malaysia and Thailand
   Atrophaneura palu*           Sulawesi (Indonesia)
   Atrophaneura priapus*        Java and south Sumatra
   Atrophaneura rhodifer        Andaman Isle
   Atrophaneura semperi*        Philippines
   Atrophaneura sycorax*        Burma, Thailand, Malay, and more
   Atrophaneura varuna*         India to Malaysia
   Atrophaneura zaleucus*       Burma and Thailand

Byasa genus contains fifteen known species limited to the Indo-Australian region. The species are as follows (an * indicates that this species is pictured):

   SPECIES                  LOCATION

   Byasa adamsoni*          Burma and Thailand
   Byasa alcinous*          Japan, Taiwan, China, Korea
   Byasa crassipes          Northeast India, Burma, Laos
   Byasa dasarada*          N. India, Bhutan, Burma, Laos, etc.
   Byasa daemonius          China
   Byasa febanus*           Taiwan
   Byasa hedistus           South China
   Byasa impediens          China
   Byasa laos               North Thailand and Laos
   Byasa latreillei*        Afghanistan to northern India
   Byasa memicus            Central and southeast China
   Byasa nevilli            Northeast India, Burma, and W. China
   Byasa plutonius*         China, India, high elevations
   Byasa polla              Northeast India
   Byasa polyeuctes*        North India, Burma, China to Taiwan

Pachliopta genus is rather complicated from a taxonomic viewpoint. Some of the Philippine forms are especially difficult to understand. Following is a list of the probable sixteen species in the genus (an * indicates that this species is pictured):

   SPECIES                     LOCATION

   Pachliopta annae*           Philippines
   Pachliopta aristolochiae*   Afghanistan to Japan
   Pachliopta atropus*         Palawan (Philippines)
   Pachliopta hector*          Southern India, Sri Lanka
   Pachliopta jophon           Sri Lanka
   Pachliopta kotzebua         Philippines
   Pachliopta liris*           Timor, Wetar, etcetera
                               (islands of Indonesia)
   Pachliopta mariae*          Luzon, Leyte, etcetera
                               (islands of Philippines)
   Pachllipta oreon            Lesser Sunda, etcetera
                               (islands of Indonesia)
   Pachliopta pandiyana        Southern India
   Pachliopta phegus           South Philippines
   Pachliopta phlegon(=annae)  Philippines
   Pachliopta polydorus*       Indonesia to Solomons
   Pachliopta polyphontes*     Miscellaneous Islands, Indonesia
   Pachliopta schadenbergi     Luzon, etc. (Philippines)
   Pachliopta strandi          Philippines

There are several different forms of P. annae which would lead one to suspect that P. annae really should be two species. P. sabinae, strandi, and phlegon are involved in this confusing situation.

(not pictured)
Pachliopta strandi might be just a subspecies of P. phlegon.

Family Papilionidae (Swallowtails), Papilio family, contains about five hundred and fifty different species with perhaps a new species still being discovered every two or three years. Many species are sexually dimorphic in that the females do not look like the males. A common example of this is the Tiger Swallowtail of North America where the males are always yellow and black and the females can be either yellow and black or occasionally a blue color.

Swallowtails are usually medium to large species and strong fliers. They are unusual in that the adults have six fully developed legs. Many newer families of butterflies have only four well-developed legs with the front two legs being very underdeveloped.

Butterfly scientists are attracted to this group, and high prices are paid for the largest and the rarest kinds. Most of the species are bred locally on a hobby-business basis to fill the demand.

The Queen Alexander might be extinct. Although this species has been protected, the damage seems to have been done by land clearing projects which took away its natural habitat. The number of specimens in collections seems to be so small that collectors cannot be blamed for this extinction. There are probably less than ten collections in the United States that have over five hundred different species of Papilionidae.

Butterflies and Moths (Order Lepidoptera) are a group of insects with four large wings. They go through various life cycles including eggs, caterpillar (larvae), pupae, and adult. Most butterflies and moths feed as adults, but primarily do most of their growing in the larval or caterpillar stage. Also, most species are restricted to feeding as caterpillars upon a unique set of plants. In this pairing of insects to plants, there arises a unique plant population control system. When one plant species becomes too common, specific pests to that species also become more common and thus prevent the further spreading of that particular plant species.

Although most people think of the Lepidoptera as two different groups: butterflies and moths, technically, the concept is not valid.

Some families, such as Silk Moths (Saturnidae) and Hawk Moths (Sphingidae), are clearly moths. Other families, such as Swallowtail Butterflies (Papilionidae), are clearly butterflies, However, several families exhibit characteristics that appear to be neither moths nor butterflies. For example: the Castnia Moths of South America are frequently placed in the Skipper Family (Hesperidae). The Sunset Moths (Uranidae) have long narrow antennae and fly during the day.

Note: Numerous museums and biologists have loaned specimens to be photographed for this project.

Insects (Class Insecta) are the most successful animals on Earth if success is measured by the number of species or the total number of living organisms. This class contains more than a million species, of which North America has approximately 100,000.

Insects have an exoskeleton. The body is divided into three parts. The foremost part, the head, usually bears two antennae. The middle part, the thorax, has six legs and usually four wings. The last part, the abdomen, is used for breathing and reproduction.

Although different taxonomists divide the insects differently, about thirty-five different orders are included in most of the systems.

The following abbreviated list identifies some common orders of the many different orders of insects discussed herein:

   Odonata:      Dragon and Damsel Flies
   Orthoptera:   Grasshoppers and Mantids
   Homoptera:    Cicadas and Misc. Hoppers
   Diptera:      Flies and Mosquitoes
   Hymenoptera:  Ants, Wasps, and Bees
   Lepidoptera:  Butterflies and Moths
   Coleoptera:   Beetles

Jointed Legged Animals (Phylum Arthropoda) make up the largest phylum. There are probably more than one million different species of arthropods known to science. It is also the most successful animal phylum in terms of the total number of living organisms.

Butterflies, beetles, grasshoppers, various insects, spiders, and crabs are well-known arthropods.

The phylum is usually broken into the following five main classes:

   Arachnida:      Spiders and Scorpions
   Crustacea:      Crabs and Crayfish
   Chilopoda:      Centipedes
   Diplopoda:      Millipedes
   Insecta:        Insects

There are several other "rare" classes in the arthropods that should be mentioned. A more formal list is as follows:

   Sub Phylum Chelicerata

     C. Arachnida:      Spiders and scorpions
     C. Pycnogonida:    Sea spiders (500 species)
     C. Merostomata:    Mostly fossil species

   Sub Phylum Mandibulata

     C. Crustacea:      Crabs and crayfish
      
   Myriapod Group

     C. Chilopoda:      Centipedes
     C. Diplopoda:      Millipedes
     C. Pauropoda:      Tiny millipede-like
     C. Symphyla:       Garden centipedes

   Insect Group

     C. Insecta:        Insects

The above list does not include some extinct classes of Arthropods such as the Trilobites.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.